REFLECTION - "Thank You for Smoking"

"That's the beauty of argument, if you argue correctly, 

you're never wrong." - Nick Naylor

Thank You For Smoking

Following a viewing of Thank You for Smoking, the film uncovered the legal proceedings and moral/ethical issues of PR, marketing, and advertising. Thank You for Smoking follows the life of Nick Naylor, the chief spokesman and Vice President of the Academy of Tobacco Studies. In these occupational positions, Naylor is entrusted with upholding the company's reputation and increasing cigarette usage. In accordance with these responsibilities, he is indirectly obligated to mislead the public on the product's dangers and health concerns. His charisma and persuasiveness have allowed Naylor to navigate difficult questioning on the industry's products.

Despite the occupation's payout, I would never be able to complete Nick Naylor's role. This occupation requires an individual to disregard their moral compass and cause indirect harm to others. In particular, 1200 people die PER DAY due to the use of tobacco products, and the comforting statements of Nick Naylor. On the other hand, as an aspiring corporate lawyer, I understand the need to act with professionalism and in full accordance with my client's wishes. Therefore, I can justify occupational responsibilities, excluding Naylor's outright deception. 

E-Cigarettes

During the film's publication in 2006, cigarettes were the product of choice. Now, there has been an extreme push and advertisement toward vapes, classified as e-cigarettes. Despite various companies' claims, these products have virtually the same addictive appeal and adverse effects. Vapes utilize nicotine, while cigarettes are composed of tobacco. In this scenario, my occupational response would remain the same. Morally, I wouldn't be able to advocate for a product that destroys the lives of individuals, families, and even entire communities, simply for the sake of financial gain. In my mind, these efforts are unethical and difficult to justify. 

Similarly, these struggles can be viewed in marijuana advertisements. Although the substance is illegal at the federal level, many states have decriminalized its possession, resulting in further promotion. Differences in regulation impact the proceedings for advertisements across state lines. With the use of social media, it is difficult to regulate the promotions that individuals in New Jersey (legalized) can view, compared to those in North Carolina (illegal). In states that criminalize marijuana possession, the advertisements shouldn't be prohibited due to implementation difficulties and concerns surrounding free speech violations.

Humphrey Bogart

Similarly, there is frequent cigarette advertising in Hollywood classics and other films. In Thank You for Smoking, Senator Ortolan Finistirre proposes an initiative to edit old movies, removing the product's presence. This suggestion would aim to reduce society's exposure and its resulting "appeal." Although I understand Senator Finistirre's rationale, I believe that these alterations shouldn't be made. Old-time classics, including those with Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, should reflect their depicted time period. On the other hand, governmental officials could advocate for less exposure in future films. 

These conversations between company freedoms and government regulation highlight a never-ending battle connecting "public health concerns" and monetary success. Despite the repercussions of cigarettes and other related products (e.g., alcohol), the federal government hasn't outlawed their advertisements. This lack of action is strongly connected to the protections provided by the First Amendment and the concept of "corporate personhood." Corporate personhood is the claim that, because a corporation is made up of people, it is granted the same FA protections as an ordinary citizen. 

Comparisons of Cigarette Advertisements
(THEN vs. NOW) 

In addition, these cigarette companies heavily contribute to the nation's economic growth and success. By banning their advertisements, the United States would endure a major financial hit. Based on Constitutional law and our governmental oversight, I wouldn't support outlawing product advertisements. Citizens must understand the product's health effects and make the resulting choice on whether to purchase, underscoring the beauty of a capitalist market. In this case, legal considerations would outweigh ethics. Morality is subjective and shouldn't be the primary principle of criminalization. 

Lastly, there was a substantial ethical violation by newspaper reporter Heather Holloway. In an effort to expose the facts behind the cigarette industry, she had sexual relations with Nick Naylor and received insight in non-interview settings. Therefore, Holloway violated her voluntary standards and didn't have the right to complete the investigation in this environment. Although the facts were significant, they shouldn't be released due to the effects of fraternization. As a result, her methods didn't justify the ends. 

Overall, Thank You for Smoking adequately connects the topics discussed in COM: Communication Law and Ethics, while creating a crossover between legal and ethical concerns related to PR, marketing, and advertising.

EOTO #1 - Terms and Concepts

 THEORIES: Confirmation Bias

INTRODUCTION:

In a world of tailored news feeds and dopamine triggers, confirmation bias highlights the reality associated with personalization. Confirmation bias is the act of seeking out, interpreting, or recalling information that coincides with an individual's pre-existing beliefs. 

THREE PRIMARY STEPS: 

The first and arguably most important step is the pursuit. This chase for information coincides with a selective search. As discussed in our course topics, current U.S. news outlets allow for a seamless execution of confirmation bias. With left-wing powerhouses, including CNN, MSNBC, The New York Times, and The Washington Post, and right-wing giants, Fox News, The Washington Examiner, and The Daily Wire, people are aimlessly dragged to opposing extremes. Topics of abortion, religion, poverty, and immigration continue to establish a clear line and differentiation. 

Following the pursuit, interpretation takes over. With the presented material, what will an individual make of its meaning or standpoint? Confirmation bias easily skews the connotation, cherry-picking, and distorting the content to support an individual's thoughts and preconceived notions. This results in a distorted perspective, impacting accuracy and context. 

Lastly, the recollection of knowledge, whether accurate or not, reinforces biased thinking. From creating arguments on religion to criticizing political figures, the associated reasoning is often selective and a product of confirmation bias. Based on one's current knowledge, the recalled information agrees with their initial opinion-based thinking. 

SOCIETAL IMPACT:

Confirmation bias not only affects individual perspectives but continues to infiltrate our society's functions. In particular, social media and targeted news feeds have captured the minds of people across the globe. Posts, comments, pop culture, and political ideology catered to the viewer, inducing engagement and implicit trust. 

Democratic and Republican Parties

With this impact, society must grapple with the inherent risks. The theory results in increased polarization and an avoidance of critical thinking. In a world marked by division, confirmation bias continues to widen the gap, impacting all steps of information processing. An increase in belief-based assurance discourages individuals from challenging these assumptions or conducting further research. A common example is the ongoing battle between U.S. political parties, a bitter conflict between the left and the right. Confirmation bias feeds into the divide, promoting ignorance, prejudice, and stereotypes while diminishing intellectual development. 

FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND GENERATIONAL IMPACT:

 
More prominently, confirmation bias can impact familial relationships, friendships, and the trajectory of an entire generation. In recent generations, human beings were supplied with copious amounts of knowledge and algorithms that curated information on our behalf. The resulting confidence in our viewpoints hinders judgment and allows for a routine response. As a result, individuals may refrain from compromise or the comprehension of contradictory arguments.

From a constructive standpoint, the theory increases individual certainty while harnessing a sense of accuracy in one's belief system. This confidence creates comfort and stability, regulating the human brain. 

CONQUERING CONFIRMATION BIAS:

Ultimately, confirmation bias is a theory that we must recognize and fight against. I encourage you to resist this subconscious tendency by researching an alternative perspective, following facts rather than opinion, and continuing to lead with curiosity. These efforts foster a well-rounded perspective and the development of unbiased opinions. 

The FUTURE of AI

 Technological Advancements Impacting CURRENT Majors and FUTURE Professions

- Political Science and Law -

Following the FRONTLINE PBS documentary, titled In the Age of AI, viewers uncovered the depth of technological advancement. From evolved surveillance systems to self-driving cars, PBS highlighted the capabilities associated with these devices. 

With AI progression, many individuals ponder both the stability of the current job markets and the value of undergraduate studies, questioning, "What will my job look like with the use of AI, and is there any value in attaining this degree?" These questions sparked personal curiosity, leading to the exploration of a Political Science major and my future career in law. 

After proper research, there are several outlets for artificial intelligence's assistance in the field of Political Science. In particular, AI can be utilized to simplify data analysis. This seemingly mundane task would be expedited, effectively removing the possibility of human error. 

Additionally, artificial intelligence can be employed for effective campaigning approaches. This device can easily track and target content toward specific viewers, crafting an individualized feed to hot-button issues. As uncovered in the PBS documentary, these personalizations can heavily influence a viewer's opinion, political participation, and resulting approval ratings. Therefore, this technology will be used to revolutionize campaign strategies, election results, and public opinions.

Furthermore, AI will be applicable in policymaking itself. This system can broadly assist in policy creation, including opposition arguments or functionality. These three components enhance the procedure's productivity, positively impacting governing bodies across the globe. 

Within the legal field, AI has developed a plausible space. More prominently, this tool can be utilized to develop contracts, review case materials, and outline infractions. These forms of assistance positively impact the workloads of professionals, decreasing the number of mundane responsibilities. 

On the other hand, AI is prone to misrepresenting facts or incorporating false information. This inconsistency causes a MAJOR credibility issue, notably to one's career or practice. Comprehensively, AI has a multitude of benefits and drawbacks for both areas of interest. 

Privacy - ONLINE & OFFLINE

 A BLATANT Invasion of Privacy

- Uncovering Governmental Truths and Digital Threats - 

"You can trust the government."

While exploring the topic of privacy, I analyzed several TED Talks to uncover the theme's reality. In particular, I was enlightened by the government's ability to track several aspects of our livelihood. This surveillance includes individual phone use, notably calls, texts, and information stored on social media platforms. These direct invasions of privacy are argued as a "national security" requirement, particularly to apprehend suspected criminals. Rather, access to the information allows our governing bodies to exercise their own discretion, often resulting in abuse and the infringement of our civil liberties. 

Additionally, U.S. police departments can uncover a variety of individual movements through NSA-style mass surveillance. These devices monitor institutional visits (e.g., churches) and other potential interactions. From there, the information is used to draft assumptions and gather data on human engagement. 

Similarly, our cell phone locations can be tracked through cell towers, granting government officials another layer of access. Once again, law enforcement agencies assert the information's necessity, particularly for "public safety" and mitigating criminal activity. Contrastingly, this collection of information stands as an indirect crackdown on innocent civilians and a purposeful invasion of privacy. 

Digital Footprint

Furthermore, social media has added a sense of complexity and precaution. Each post, tweet, comment, and other form of engagement remains available to the public.

On the other hand, private data remains at risk as well, with major platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, continuing to sell or distribute these details. From a criminal aspect, "revenge porn" is placing individuals in jeopardy, notably by deteriorating reputations, decreasing mental health, and even financial security. Comprehensively, Juan Enriquez cites a digital footprint as expressive as a tattoo, depicting our identities and the stories that we each share. 

Prior to technological advancements and social media development, this information was unavailable to governments, companies, and potential hackers. Now, in many cases, it is easily obtainable. Conversely, tech companies have begun to install strong encryption technology to grant consumers protected privacy. Despite the government's inconvenience, this setting is placed as a default for many devices. 

With this plethora of information, the entire population, including my friends, family, and I are at risk. This violation of privacy no longer simply violates celebrities or societal elites. Today, it affects each and every individual. For instance, my personal cell phone location or data can be uncovered, simply due to the government's unjust "explanation." 

In a similar regard, this breach is often hidden or unfamiliar to the general public. Education and resulting retaliation are crucial. 

Concerning the government's involvement, legislation should be passed to increase the criminalization and punishment associated with both excessive police monitoring and "revenge porn." From a governmental perspective, these observation techniques are completely unnecessary. This capability adds a level of control that is unwarranted and potentially harmful. Lastly, revenge porn remains an emerging offense and one that should be heavily criminalized.

For our own protection, we MUST exercise our First Amendment rights and hold the government accountable. Our voices can produce change at the local, state, and federal levels. Oftentimes, this privacy interference transforms into censorship and a misuse of authority.

Furthermore, individuals must continue to utilize encrypted communication tools to protect against potential hackers and intrusive government officials. Overall, this ongoing issue is one that requires the public's acknowledgement, education, and advocacy.

KEY POST #1 - Speech Theories

Eight Values of FREE Expression

- Protect Dissent -

"We must dissent because America can do better, because America has no choice but to do better."  - Thurgood Marshall

Following a discussion on First Amendment Law, the significance of (1) Marketplace of Ideas, (2) Participation in Self-Government, (3) Stable Change, (4) Individual Self-Fulfillment, (5) Check on Governmental Power, (6) Promote Tolerance, (7) Promote Innovation, and (8) Protect Dissent was adequately highlighted. 

Each value of Free Expression is vital for the fulfillment of our First Amendment liberties, including Freedom from Religion, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Assembly, and Freedom to Petition the Government. These concepts continue to underscore the nation's foundational beliefs and the powerful intentions of our Founding Fathers. As citizens, it is both our right and duty to uphold these fundamental values.

After analyzing each of the eight principles, I placed immense importance on Protecting Dissent. This value was heavily emphasized by James Madison and his language throughout the First Amendment. Similarly, Steve H. Shiffrin, a well-known First Amendment theorist, emphasized its value in his 1999 publication, Dissent, Injustice and the Meanings of America.

According to Madison and Shiffrin, Protecting Dissent highlights the importance of safeguarding minority opinions, regardless of vulgarity, hatred, or societal popularity. These protections extend toward our Constitutional right to criticize the government's actions, polices, and conduct.

Protecting Dissent has proved its cruciality in the occurrences of one's day-to-day life, famous historical events, and the well-being of our future world.

In particular, the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case showcases a key milestone, featuring Justice Harlan's dissenting opinion. Justice Harlan argued that the "separate but equal" doctrine was a complete violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the rights of African American citizens. Despite the belief's initial backlash, it became the concurring opinion in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" doctrine was unconstitutional, infringing upon the Equal Protection Clause. 

Additionally, this value was crucial during the Women's Suffrage Movement. During a period of limited representation, women fought tirelessly for their liberties, specifically, the right to vote. Although granting suffrage was considered an "unfavorable" opinion, the Constitution protected women's right to assemble and petition. Protecting Dissent allowed prominent female figures (e.g., Susan B. Anthony) to object and prove women's competency. Due to these efforts and the efficiency of Protecting Dissent, the 19th Amendment was passed on June 4th, 1919.

Furthermore, Protecting Dissent is vital when criticizing White House officials and their corresponding actions. Unlike other nations, the United States Constitution ensures that citizens are free to express these condemning thoughts. This liberty has been utilized during the Civil Rights Movement, following President Trump's actions in Venezuela, and succeeding President Obama's air strikes against Libya. Without the Protection of Dissent, the First Amendment would be ineffective, limiting our Freedom to Petition.

In the United States, our nation is categorized as the world's "melting pot." This label underscores the beauty of our differences and the vitality of their expression. Although the phrase traditionally highlights our contrasting backgrounds, races, and ethnicities, it signifies our differing political ideologies, religious beliefs, etc. These contrasts connect to the importance of Protecting Dissent.

Moreover, Protecting Dissent is significant for the expression of personal viewpoints. This can include beliefs on the COVID-19 Pandemic, elements of pop culture, potential warfare, election candidates, and other constantly-evolving global issues. 

Without this value, there is an immense risk of government censorship, which would limit our free society. This threat has been viewed throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic due to the actions of the Biden Administration. With the vaccination's release, the White House was actively censoring doctors and scientists on several social media platforms. Their accounts were often deactivated with threats of losing their licenses, preventing professionals from spreading contrasting findings or medical warnings. The pandemic was a key crisis that outlined the danger of censorship. 

Overall, the Eight Values of Free Expression, specifically Protecting Dissent, represent the beauty of our nation. Today, and in the future, we must safeguard these concepts, emphasizing our connection to the First Amendment and the nation's foundational beliefs. 

Top Five Sources of News

My TOP Five News Sources:

With the progression of technological advances, the availability and credibility of news sources have altered. These innovations modified when, where, and how people receive sources of information, commonly emphasizing convenience over accuracy. Amidst the overflow, I have discovered a few of my favorite outlets.

1. GOOGLE

As an undergraduate student, Google has continued to serve as a frequent news source. Although Google doesn't produce its own publications, the resource is overwhelmingly convenient and beneficial. With the completion of assignments, research initiatives, and other areas of academic study, I can easily type my requested topic into the engine's search bar, resulting in access to a multitude of websites and subsequent information. 

Google continues to play a vital role in my knowledge expansion, along with satisfying curiosity, enhancing my ability as a student, and even browsing the current state of our world. Furthermore, I would heavily recommend this source due to its connection to various news outlets, perspectives, and publications. 

Overall, Google encompasses the beauty of modern technology and the simplicity of its usage.

2. INSTAGRAM

In the age of social media, apps such as Twitter, TikTok, and Instagram stand as a common news source for individuals across the world, including myself. 

With frequent iPhone accessibility, I often inadvertently rely on Instagram posts to feed my global knowledge. These pieces of information span various topic realms, including political, cultural, and social domains. Once again, this source is distinctly practical, a significant characteristic in today's fast-paced environment.

On the other hand, I can confidently recognize the source's bias or falsehood highlighted in certain publications. With user freedom, information or headline details can be skewed by contrasting opinion, ignorance, or distorted facts. 

Comprehensively, Instagram is worthy of recommendation for the discovery of issues or storylines rather than solidifying facts or details. 

3. FAMILY AND FRIENDS

Although untraditional, a common "news outlet" is my friends and family. Each of these individuals proposes an alternative perspective and subject line. For instance, my father thoroughly enjoys sharing his weekly news findings over family dinner. During Fall and Christmas break, we discussed key topics in the United States government and those from around the world. My parents have continued to place an importance on acquiring knowledge, straying away from society's common unfamiliarity.

Similarly, my friends and I commonly discuss pop culture events, sharing our opinions, stories, etc. These circumstantial discussions allow for a productive debate, prioritizing the comprehension of contrasting viewpoints and the recognition of partiality. Overall, this source is beneficial due to its content variety and opportunity for connection. 

4. THE NEW YORK TIMES

Following my time at Union Catholic Regional High School, I developed a particular inclination toward The New York Times. With our subscription, I conducted the majority of my topic research through this outlet. The New York Times continues to provide stories on a wide range of topics, fostering a sense of comfort. Scrolling through the website allows viewers to discover a new recipe, learn about a growing political issue, or the latest workout trend. 

Conversely, The New York Times is known to be a left-leaning organization. With this information in mind, it is imperative to be cautious of their political publications and seek additional sources when constructing an opinion.

Similar to the other depicted references, The New York Times is a versatile tool and one that deserves proper recognition.

5. SUBSTACK

Due to journalism censorship, Substack has become a new phenomenon for publicators across the globe. I recently installed the app in hopes of expanding my legal knowledge and fostering an environment built on personal growth. With my experience, I have truly enjoyed utilizing this resource. The platform's articles are typically shorter in length, featuring a variety of accredited journalists who contribute to the app.

Additionally, it is intriguing that articles can be reposted and commented on by readers, mimicking an online conversation. This factor drafts another interactive aspect, notably one that expands the Substack community. 

Altogether, I highly favor Substack and the publications that it offers readers!